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<h1 class="article-header__title js-article-title js-page-title">El gran debate entre <i>shabos</i> y <i>shabat</i>.¿Quién tiene razón?</h1>
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<h2 class="article-header__subtitle">Sobre la diferencia entre la pronunciación sefaradí y la ashkenazi.</h2>
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<meta itemprop="description" content="Mis amigos sefarad&#237;es celebran el shabat, y mis amigos ashkenazis lo llaman shabos. Los sefarad&#237;es llaman al novio jat&#225;n, y los ashkenazis se refieren a &#233;l como josn. Para reforzar su argumento, los sefarad&#237;es apuntan a la pronunciaci&#243;n hebrea moderna, que adhiere a su tradici&#243;n. &#191;Cu&#225;l es la manera correcta de hablar hebreo?" />
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</section><section><h2>Mis amigos sefaradíes celebran el <i>shabat</i>, y mis amigos ashkenazis lo llaman <i>shabos</i>. Los sefaradíes llaman al novio <i>jatán</i>, y los ashkenazis se refieren a él como <i>josn</i>. Para reforzar su argumento, los sefaradíes apuntan a la pronunciación hebrea moderna, que adhiere a su tradición. ¿Cuál es la manera correcta de hablar hebreo?</h2>
</section><section><h2>Respuesta</h2>
<p>El idioma y la manera en que hablamos están en constante evolución. Por ejemplo, sólo han transcurrido varios cientos de años desde que los británicos comenzaron a colonizar, y tanto los estadounidenses como los sudafricanos y australianos tienen maneras distintas de hablar inglés. De la misma forma, el hebreo evolucionó de forma diferente en las distintas comunidades judías. Cuando consideramos que los judíos han estado en movimiento durante dos milenios, es un milagro que hayamos logrado mantener nuestro hebreo tan constante como lo hemos hecho, en especial porque el hebreo ha sido primordialmente una segunda lengua desde el exilio babilónico.</p>
<p>Así que si bien es tentador hacer grandes generalizaciones y simplemente separar las distintas pronunciaciones entre la sefaradí y la <span class="glossary_item" glossary_item="31124">ashkenazi</span>, lo cierto es que hay muchas variantes aún dentro de ellas mismas. Exploremos el origen de la división, las mayores diferencias y las implicaciones prácticas.</p>
</section><section><h2>Orígenes sefaradíes y ashkenazis</h2>
<p>En el sentido literal, Sefarad refiere a la península ibérica (España, Portugal, etc.) y <span class="glossary_item" glossary_item="31659">Ashkenaz</span> refiere a Alemania y el “Sacro Imperio Romano”. Sin embargo, cuando nos referimos a los “judíos sefaradíes”, el término se ha ampliado hasta abarcar a los judíos de las regiones mediterráneas, incluyendo España, Grecia y el norte de África (y muchas veces también Oriente Medio). Y “<a href="/library/article_cdo/aid/5926723/jewish/Ashkenazi-Jewish-People-and-Culture.htm" title="Ashkenazi Jewish People and Culture">ashkenazi</a>” ahora incluye a los judíos que provienen de lugares como Europa central y del este, incluyendo países como Hungría, Lituania, Polonia y Rusia.</p>
<p>Con el tiempo, los ashkenazis y sefaradíes desarrollaron pronunciaciones hebreas distintas. Sin embargo, hay mucho debate acerca del origen de estos dialectos. Algunos dicen que la división ocurrió en la Europa medieval.<a class="footnote_ref" href="javascript:doFootnote('1a3586188');" name="footnoteRef1a3586188">1</a> Otros dicen que se remonta al período de los <i>gueonim</i> (siglos VII al XI), cuando el dialecto ashkenazi se desarrolló en <span class="glossary_item" glossary_item="33802">Israel</span> (Palestina) y el sefaradí en Babilonia.<a class="footnote_ref" href="javascript:doFootnote('2a3586188');" name="footnoteRef2a3586188">2</a> Aunque algunos dicen que la división data de aún más atrás, de los tiempos de la Mishná (siglos I y II); la pronunciación sefaradí derivó del dialecto hebreo de <span class="glossary_item" glossary_item="35661">Judea</span> y el ashkenazi del de Galilea.<a class="footnote_ref" href="javascript:doFootnote('3a3586188');" name="footnoteRef3a3586188">3</a></p>
<p>No importa qué teoría uno suscriba, resulta claro que las diferentes pronunciaciones datan de hace bastante. De hecho, siempre hubo varias formas de pronunciar palabras hebreas. En los tiempos bíblicos, la tribu de <span class="glossary_item" glossary_item="34536">Efraim</span> no podía pronunciar la palabra <i>shibolet</i> (o <i>shiboles</i> para los ashkenazis entre nosotros) como sus compatriotas de las otras doce tribus.<a class="footnote_ref" href="javascript:doFootnote('4a3586188');" name="footnoteRef4a3586188">4</a> Y en los tiempos talmúdicos, algunos pueblos no diferenciaban entre las letras <i>álef</i> y <i>áin</i> (algo que por lo general los ashkenazis actuales tampoco hacen).<a class="footnote_ref" href="javascript:doFootnote('5a3586188');" name="footnoteRef5a3586188">5</a></p>
</section><section><h2>Las diferencias básicas entre los dos</h2>
<p>A un nivel muy básico, la pronunciación ashkenazi tiende a diferenciar un mayor número de vocales. <i><span class="glossary_item" glossary_item="34031">Kamatz</span></i> y <i>pataj</i> se pronuncian “o” y “a”, respectivamente, y <i>tzeiré</i> y <i><span class="glossary_item" glossary_item="35620">segol</span></i> se diferencian como “ei” y “e”. Por otro lado, los sefaradíes pronuncian ambas <i><a href="/multimedia/video_cdo/aid/2517039/jewish/Soul-of-the-Letters-Kamatz.htm" title="Soul of the Letters: Kamatz">kamatz</a></i> y <i>pataj</i> como “a”, mientras que pronuncian <i>tzeiré</i> y <i><a href="/multimedia/video_cdo/aid/2553967/jewish/Soul-of-the-Letters-Segol.htm" title="Soul of the Letters: Segol">segol</a></i> como “e”.</p>
<p>Los ashkenazis no diferencian entre <i>jet</i> y <i>jaf</i>; los sefaradíes, sí. Los ashkenazis pronuncian la <i><span class="glossary_item" glossary_item="36923">tav</span></i> no acentuada como la <i>sámaj</i>, mientras que la mayoría de los sefaradíes la pronuncian como la <i><span class="glossary_item" glossary_item="36916">tet</span></i>.</p>
<p>(Hay algunas diferencias que han evolucionado pero no son distinciones “oficiales”. Por ejemplo, ciertos ashkenazis influenciados por el ídish dicen “oi” (o “ei” o “au”) donde los sefaradíes dicen “o”).</p>
<p>Claro que esto es una simplificación excesiva y hay muchas variantes dentro de las pronunciaciones ashkenazis y sefaradíes. Hay que observar que en el hebreo antiguo todas las letras y vocales tenías sonidos distintos, y tanto el ashkenazi como el sefaradí han perdido algunas de estas distinciones. (La pronunciación yemenita es quizás las más correcta, pero eso merece un artículo separado.)</p>
</section><section><h2>Si hablas hebreo moderno</h2>
<p>El hebreo moderno es un híbrido simplificado en el que los matices de ambas tradiciones se han perdido. Así es que mientras que los ashkenazis lo pueden ver como sefaradí, tiene las debilidades de ambos, el sefaradí y el ashkenazi. También mantiene la vibración uvular (probablemente incorrecta) para la <i><span class="glossary_item" glossary_item="36440">resh</span></i>, que probablemente se introdujo por la vía de los orígenes franceses y alemanes del ashkenazi.</p>
<p>Aunque hoy muchos judíos (tanto ashkenazis como sefaradíes) aprenden a leer y pronunciar el hebreo de acuerdo a la pronunciación moderna (“sefaradí”), hay un animado debate acerca de si un ashkenazi puede rezar en ese dialecto.</p>
<p>Algunos ashkenazis afirman que aun si generalmente se usa esta pronunciación, cuando dices el nombre de Di-s (A-do-nai), debes seguir la pronunciación ashkenazi de A-do-noi. Explican que <i>adonai</i> simplemente significa “mis señores”, y que la palabra es sagrada únicamente cuando se pronuncia A-do-noi, una variante que no existe en la tradición sefaradí.<a class="footnote_ref" href="javascript:doFootnote('6a3586188');" name="footnoteRef6a3586188">6</a> Incluso llegan a decir que los sefaradíes no están pronunciando correctamente el Nombre de Di-s.<a class="footnote_ref" href="javascript:doFootnote('7a3586188');" name="footnoteRef7a3586188">7</a></p>
<p>Otros responden que a) no importa si el Nombre de Di-s se pronuncia “-nai” o “-noi”, siempre es plural (como explica el <span class="glossary_item" glossary_item="34491">Rambam</span>, este nombre de Di-s es intencionalmente plural);<a class="footnote_ref" href="javascript:doFootnote('8a3586188');" name="footnoteRef8a3586188">8</a> y b) hay muchos gramáticos sefaradíes que de hecho distinguen, aunque muy sutilmente, las dos versiones de la palabra.<a class="footnote_ref" href="javascript:doFootnote('9a3586188');" name="footnoteRef9a3586188">9</a></p>
<p>En la práctica, todos los dialectos del hebreo son aceptables.<a class="footnote_ref" href="javascript:doFootnote('10a3586188');" name="footnoteRef10a3586188">10</a></p>
<p>El Rebe de <span class="glossary_item" glossary_item="31081">Lubavitch</span> aborda las diferencias de pronunciación refiriéndose a la explicación de <span class="glossary_item" glossary_item="34199">Arizal</span> con respecto a las diferencias entre las costumbres sefaradíes y ashkenazis.<a class="footnote_ref" href="javascript:doFootnote('11a3586188');" name="footnoteRef11a3586188">11</a> Mientras que todos los judíos están igualmente ligados por las mismas leyes básicas de la Torá, hay muchas costumbres que han evolucionado en forma diferente en distintas comunidades. Estas costumbres corresponden a las puertas espirituales a través de las cuales uno se conecta con Di-s. Por lo tanto, uno debe seguir las costumbres de sus antepasados.<a class="footnote_ref" href="javascript:doFootnote('12a3586188');" name="footnoteRef12a3586188">12</a></p>
<p>Por lo tanto, el Rebe escribe que no ve ninguna razón por la que uno deba cambiar la pronunciación a la que está acostumbrado. Sin embargo, si uno tiene un motivo para cambiar la pronunciación, debe asegurarse de ser consistente y rezar la oración entera (incluyendo el Nombre de Di-s)<a class="footnote_ref" href="javascript:doFootnote('13a3586188');" name="footnoteRef13a3586188">13</a> con la misma pronunciación, ya sea sefaradí, ashkenazi o hebreo moderno.<a class="footnote_ref" href="javascript:doFootnote('14a3586188');" name="footnoteRef14a3586188">14</a></p>
<p>Aunque la pronunciación de nuestros rezos, al igual que algunas de las frases, pueden variar de comunidad en comunidad, nos une rezar por una sola cosa: el fin del dolor y el sufrimiento en este exilio amargo y la llegada del <i>mashíaj</i>; ¡que sea pronto en nuestros días!</p>
<p><b>NOTAS</b></p>
<p><a href="/library/article_cdo/aid/3549013/jewish/The-Great-Shabbos-vs-Shabbat-Debate-Who-Is-Right.htm#footnoteRef14a3549013">14.</a></p></section></div>
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<div id="footnoteTR1a3586188" class="footnote " group=""><a name="footnote1a3586188" class="footnoteLink" href="#footnoteRef1a3586188">1.</a><div class="footnoteBody ">
<p>H. Zimmels, <i>Ashkenazim and Sephardim: Their Relations, Differences, and Problems as Reflected in Rabbinic Responsa</i> (Londres: 1958), 82.</p>
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<div id="footnoteTR2a3586188" class="footnote " group=""><a name="footnote2a3586188" class="footnoteLink" href="#footnoteRef2a3586188">2.</a><div class="footnoteBody ">
<p>Leopold Zunz, <i>Die gottesdienstlichen Vorträge der Juden</i> (Frankfurt: M.J. Kaufman, 1892).</p>
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<div id="footnoteTR3a3586188" class="footnote " group=""><a name="footnote3a3586188" class="footnoteLink" href="#footnoteRef3a3586188">3.</a><div class="footnoteBody ">
<p>A. Z. Idelsohn, “Die gegenwärtige Aussprache des Hebräischen bei Juden und Samaritanern,” <i>Monatsschrift für Geschichte und Wissenschaft des Judentums</i> 57 (1913).</p>
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<div id="footnoteTR4a3586188" class="footnote " group=""><a name="footnote4a3586188" class="footnoteLink" href="#footnoteRef4a3586188">4.</a><div class="footnoteBody ">
<p><a href="/15820#v6">Shoftim 12:6</a>.</p>
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<div id="footnoteTR5a3586188" class="footnote " group=""><a name="footnote5a3586188" class="footnoteLink" href="#footnoteRef5a3586188">5.</a><div class="footnoteBody ">
<p>Ver Talmud, Megillá 24b. El Talmud afirma que un cohen que no puede diferenciar entre los dos no debe hacer la bendición rabínica. Sin embargo, hoy en día, dado que la mayoría no puede diferenciar entre los dos, un cohen que no sepa la diferencia puede hacer la bendición. (ver Shuljan Aruj Harav 128:48 y Mishná Berurá 128:120).</p>
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<div id="footnoteTR6a3586188" class="footnote " group=""><a name="footnote6a3586188" class="footnoteLink" href="#footnoteRef6a3586188">6.</a><div class="footnoteBody ">
<p>Ver Rabenu Bajia en<a href="/8213#v3">Bereshit 18:3</a>; ver, sin embargo,<a target="_blank" href="http://chabadlibrarybooks.com/pdfpager.aspx?req=30434&amp;st=&amp;pgnum=253">Kovetz Oholei Shem, vol. 9, p. 258</a> para una lectura diferente.</p>
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<div id="footnoteTR7a3586188" class="footnote " group=""><a name="footnote7a3586188" class="footnoteLink" href="#footnoteRef7a3586188">7.</a><div class="footnoteBody ">
<p>Ver Sidur Iaavetz; Jazon Ish citado en Kreina Deirasa 138; Minjat Itzjak 3:9:2; Teshuvot Vehanhagot, vol. 1, no. 128.</p>
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<div id="footnoteTR8a3586188" class="footnote " group=""><a name="footnote8a3586188" class="footnoteLink" href="#footnoteRef8a3586188">8.</a><div class="footnoteBody ">
<p>Rambam, <i>Guía de los perplejos</i>, 1:61; ver también R’ Pesach Tzvi Frank en Har Tzvi, Oraj Jaim 4.</p>
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<div id="footnoteTR9a3586188" class="footnote " group=""><a name="footnote9a3586188" class="footnoteLink" href="#footnoteRef9a3586188">9.</a><div class="footnoteBody ">
<p>Iabia Omer, vol. 6, Oraj Jaim 11:4.</p>
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<div id="footnoteTR10a3586188" class="footnote " group=""><a name="footnote10a3586188" class="footnoteLink" href="#footnoteRef10a3586188">10.</a><div class="footnoteBody ">
<p>Ver Igrot Moshe, Orej Jaim 3:5, 4:23.</p>
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<div id="footnoteTR11a3586188" class="footnote " group=""><a name="footnote11a3586188" class="footnoteLink" href="#footnoteRef11a3586188">11.</a><div class="footnoteBody ">
<p>Pri Eitz Chaim, Shaar Hatefilá 1.</p>
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<div id="footnoteTR12a3586188" class="footnote " group=""><a name="footnote12a3586188" class="footnoteLink" href="#footnoteRef12a3586188">12.</a><div class="footnoteBody ">
<p>Shulján Menajem, vol. 1, p. 177.</p>
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<div id="footnoteTR13a3586188" class="footnote " group=""><a name="footnote13a3586188" class="footnoteLink" href="#footnoteRef13a3586188">13.</a><div class="footnoteBody ">
<p>Ver Igrot Kodesh, vol. 20, p. 261 y notas a Shulján Menajem, vol. 1, p.178; ver también<a target="_blank" href="http://chabadlibrarybooks.com/pdfpager.aspx?req=30434&amp;st=&amp;pgnum=253">Kovetz Oholei Shem, vol. 9, p. 258</a>.</p>
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<div id="footnoteTR14a3586188" class="footnote " group=""><a name="footnote14a3586188" class="footnoteLink" href="#footnoteRef14a3586188">14.</a><div class="footnoteBody ">
<p>Ver Igrot Kodesh, vol. 20, p. 16, 261; Shulján Menajem, vol. 1, p.178.</p>
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<span class="reader-name small_right_padding">Yehoshúa ben Avraham</span>
<span class="reader-location small_right_padding">Cancun,Q.Roo,Mexico</span>
<span class="comment-date" title="Saturday, February 18, 2017 2:33:00 PM">February 18, 2017</span>
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Es importante remontarnos al hebreo y arameo kadosh,el antiguo, el de las Barajas...LAS ORACIONES....
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Es todo lo que tengo que decir al respecto.<br /><br />Kosoish kadoish kadoish adonai Tzevaot!
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